Types of arterial hypertension

Every third inhabitant of the world suffers from high blood pressure, but each type of hypertension is different. Arterial hypertension is a state of high blood pressure in the vessels of a permanent nature. It occurs due to a spasm of the vascular bed, which makes it difficult, and sometimes completely blocks the flow of blood. The diagnosis of hypertension is made with persistent high blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg. during three measurements with a standard tonometer. The disease is classified according to several parameters that make it convenient to differentiate the symptoms of high blood pressure and their laboratory confirmation.

Origin Classification

The acquisition of the disease can be mediated genetically, as well as ignoring a healthy lifestyle and other somatic diseases. Burdened heredity is primary in the etiology of high blood pressure, but bad habits, obesity, physical inactivity can provoke diseases even among people whose families have never had this pathology. All these factors knock out the regulatory mechanisms of pressure and do not allow them to function normally, which gives the symptoms of hypertension.

The primary increase in pressure is also called essential. The exact cause of this multifactorial arterial condition has not yet been found, despite numerous studies. This type of hypertension is the most common, observed in 90% of cases.

It is the burdened heredity that realizes the pathology, which makes itself felt in favorable conditions for its manifestation. Scientists have reliably confirmed this fact and have identified more than fifteen genes responsible for increasing blood pressure.

Many mechanisms regulate vascular pressure in the human body, but the failure of any of them already provokes jumps in blood pressure.

Depending on the pathology of each specific mechanism, some types of primary hypertension are formed:

• The hyperdrenergic form of hypertension accounts for approximately one tenth of cases of high blood pressure. It affects the disease more often than young people, who often ignore its symptoms and bring the disease to the last stages of development. Pathological phenomena are associated with an increased release of stress mediators into the blood: norepinephrine and adrenaline. Against this background, patients feel a rush of blood to the head, a pulsation of large vessels of the upper body, chills and a feverish state, inexplicable anxiety and fear. Even in the absence of physical activity, patients with an increased heart rate of up to one hundred beats per minute, they complain of a feeling of a strong heartbeat. If such conditions are not stopped for a long time, hypertensive crises may develop.
• Other violations of the mechanisms of pressure regulation formed the basis of the normo- and hyporenin forms of hypertension. This pathology is typical for middle and old age, but there are exceptions. Renin is an active substance produced in the kidneys and actively reacts to any vasoconstriction. A decrease in the production of this substance leads to constant vasospasm, which makes it difficult for blood to flow to the organs and throughout the body. When the level of renin in the blood falls, the level of the hormone aldosterone rises sharply, which retains water and positive sodium ions in the body. So patients take on the appearance characteristic of renal pathology: a puffy face, ascending edema, pastosity of the limbs. Identification of such causes of arterial hypertension requires limiting the amount of liquid in the diet, as well as the exclusion of excessive salt intake.

• The hypertensive form of hypertension is also associated with its renal regulation. Approximately a quarter of patients with high blood pressure have an elevated level of renin in the blood as the basis of the pathology. Mostly men under the age of forty are ill, who note intense symptoms of the disease. Systolic pressure rises to a value of 230 mm Hg, patients suffer from an unbearable headache, severe nausea is replaced by vomiting. The most dangerous thing in this case is the development of atherosclerotic kidney damage in the absence of timely treatment.

secondary form

Another type of hypertension is the secondary or symptomatic form.

The cause of hypertension in this case is a third-party disease of organs or their systems that are directly related to the regulation of blood pressure.

Symptoms of secondary hypertension are regarded as complications of the underlying pathology and are quite difficult to treat.

Violations in many organs provoke jumps in blood pressure.

The causes of secondary hypertension are divided into:

1. Renal or associated with infectious lesions of the excretory organs, with neuropathy against the background of diabetes mellitus or polycystic.
2. Endocrine causes of hypertension are formed with hormonal dysfunction of the thyroid gland, Cushing's syndrome and disease, pheochromocytoma, and disorders in the brain's higher regulatory centers.
3. Neurogenic disorders form symptoms of high blood pressure in encephalitis, oncological and atherosclerotic lesions of the brain.
4. Cardiovascular symptomatic hypertension is formed with heart defects, arrhythmias and blockades.
5. A blood disease, reflected in an increase in the erythrocyte number, can also increase blood pressure.
6. The cause of hypertension may be taking certain medications. Any medicines have side effects that do not always appear, in certain individual conditions. It is strictly forbidden to self-medicate and use medications without a doctor's prescription.

For any type of hypertension, the type of its course is determined by origin. So, the benign course of the disease is characterized by slowly increasing symptoms, sluggish manifestations of pathology. Such silent symptoms can bring hypertension to the late stages of its development, when serious complex treatment is required.

Malignant hypertension proceeds rapidly, from the initial manifestations, which are rarely regarded as serious, to a hypertensive crisis rarely takes more than two months. Ignoring such symptoms is much more serious, since crises are stopped very hard and can lead to sudden death.

Medical terminology

In clinical practice, it is convenient to classify hypertension in degrees.

So the doctor can immediately assess the patient's condition, violations of the target organs, the possibility of complications and threats to life.

• 1 degree hypertension - mild. The upper pressure bar for her is 159 mm Hg, the lower one is 99 mm Hg. The pressure in patients with hypertension of the 1st degree rises sharply and can last for a long time, which exhausts the patient. However, it is not always necessary to stop this condition with medication; lifestyle changes can relieve symptoms or completely eliminate them.
• Moderate hypertension of the 2nd degree keeps blood pressure readings up to 169/109 mm Hg. High blood pressure in such cases is rarely replaced by remissions. Changing the lifestyle is not enough, complex drug therapy is needed.
• Pressure exceeds 180/110 mm Hg. Art. with severe hypertension. The disease necessarily has complications and causes damage to the heart, blood vessels, brain, and many other target organs. Reducing pressure with drug therapy should occur gradually. The whole body directs compensatory forces to eliminate the strongest vasospasm: it takes time for the organs to get used to the new vascular tone.

Medical practice often uses the term "hypertension". This concept implies a persistent increase in blood pressure of a malignant course with a failure of higher regulatory centers. The state of hypertension in this case is not associated with diseases of the kidneys, hormone-producing organs, or the blood system. It should be distinguished from secondary hypertension, when blood pressure is only a symptom of a certain pathology.

Hypertension has its own etiological causes that mediate its own pathogenesis and characteristic clinical picture. In accordance with this, violations of this type require certain therapeutic tactics and preventive measures. Such a disease is a frequent occurrence in the work of a therapist. Most patients with unstable blood pressure receive this diagnosis.

Hypertensive crises become serious complications of the disease with high blood pressure. Critical numbers of this parameter occur suddenly for those individuals who were unaware of the existing pathology or ignored its symptoms.

Individuals with an established diagnosis may earn a crisis due to:

• stress,
• physical stress,
• exacerbation of a chronic process.

Only an attentive attitude to one's health will save any person from a dangerous complication with a frequent fatal outcome or a threat to the quality of life.

It is important to recognize the symptoms of crisis hypertension in a timely manner. In the first place are manifestations of impaired brain activity.

So, patients feel:

• dizziness,
• nausea,
• blurred consciousness,
• it is difficult for them to speak, words are pronounced in syllables, incoherently, meaninglessly,
• rush of blood to the head gives flushing of the face,
• large blood vessels in the neck swell,
• the person sweats profusely or trembles.

Refractory hypertension

However, not any persistent or incoming increase in pressure can be classified and, in accordance with the gradation, treatment can be prescribed for it. For example, isolated hypertension implies an increase in the systolic rate above 160 mm Hg, when the diastolic parameter remains normal or drops slightly. Such a violation becomes fertile ground for the development of ischemic heart disease and heart attack.

There is also the concept of "refractory hypertension", when high blood pressure cannot be corrected by drugs known to medicine and their combinations. Here it is important to distinguish the actual presence of the disease from an incorrect diagnosis. Sometimes patients themselves do not adhere to the established treatment regimen, which is also important to notice in a timely manner and begin to closely monitor.

It is necessary to confirm the diagnosis at home or during daily monitoring in a hospital using special portable devices.

Thus, the classification of hypertension is diverse in terms of types and forms. However, this greatly facilitates the work of any specialist in the medical field. Knowing the type and form of hypertension, you can predict its complications, choose the appropriate therapy if there is a comorbidity. The type of hypertension requires a certain lifestyle and from the patient himself.

The very fact of the disease implies:

1. Rejection of bad habits.
2. Switching to a healthy diet.
3. Introduction to physical activity and sports.

Preventive measures at a young age will save the body with a burdened heredity from a dangerous disease in the future and form a strong immunity from an abundance of other ailments. Health, like honor, simply needs to be protected from a young age.